What happened: PFBR first criticality at Kalpakkam strengthens India’s second-stage fuel-cycle pathway
India’s nuclear programme is guided by technological self-reliance and a long-term strategy to use thorium for future fuel needs. The Government of India identifies a major milestone: the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) at Kalpakkam attaining first criticality in April 2026. A fast breeder reactor is designed to produce more fissile material while generating electricity. First criticality indicates that the reactor has begun the controlled chain reaction required for power generation and fuel-breeding objectives.
Why nuclear energy is positioned in India’s energy strategy
The Government of India places nuclear energy at the core of its long-term energy strategy because nuclear power can provide round-the-clock, low-carbon electricity. The government backgrounder describes nuclear power as a complement to renewable energy because nuclear generation supports grid stability. Nuclear energy is also linked to reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels and supporting climate commitments.
Baseload electricity: the grid role nuclear power is meant to fill
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