What happened: fraud networks evolve across scam towns and borders

A The Hindu review synthesises three books that examine how India’s “scam towns” support a continuing fraud industry. The review links Jamtara (often discussed in public debate about telecommunications-based fraud), the broader Mewat belt, and technology-enabled scam operations in parts of Southeast Asia. The common thread across the books is adaptation: fraud networks change tactics as victims and platforms become more aware and as enforcement pressure shifts.

Scam lifecycle described in the books

The review describes a recurring “scam lifecycle” in which perpetrators first reach victims using basic digital access points, then shift methods when victims learn to resist one tactic. The review mentions a sequence of tactics as follows (presented as the books’ described pattern, not as a single universal process):

Digitised targeting and access: perpetrators exploit mobile connectivity and digital systems to reach victims.Early stage credential theft: perpetrators steal one-time passcodes (OTPs) used for authentication.Next stage PIN-related access: perpetrators shift to exploiting access pathways linked to PIN (personal identification number) and similar entry requirements.Monetisation after awareness: as victims become more aware of common theft attempts, perpetrators move toward selling fake goods and services on online marketplaces.

Why fraud persists: ecosystem conditions on both sides

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