What the PIB backgrounder reports: India’s makhana leadership and a change in export coding
India remains the clear global leader in makhana production, with Bihar acting as the central hub of the makhana sector. The PIB backgrounder reports production and productivity figures for India and Bihar, domestic consumption and price trends, and an export-side change in 2025 through product-specific HSN classification for popped makhana. For UPSC preparation, these official numbers support answers on horticulture performance, agri-value chain pricing, and external trade classification.
Geographic concentration and production base
Makhana cultivation is mainly concentrated in North Bihar. The PIB backgrounder states that makhana cultivation is especially prominent in the Kosi basin districts of Supaul, Saharsa, and Madhepura, along with nearby areas of the Mithila and Seemanchal regions. Because of this concentration, Bihar supplies the bulk of India’s makhana and most of global supply.
Production, productivity, and Bihar’s share (official estimates)
The PIB backgrounder provides the following production estimates for India and Bihar:
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